Muna 2010, Geim naNovoselov vakahwina Mubayiro weNobel mufizikisi pabasa ravo pagraphene.Mubairo uyu wakasiya pfungwa huru kuvanhu vakawanda.Mushure mezvose, haisi yega yega Nobel Prize yekuedza chishandiso chakajairika setepi yekunamira, uye hachisi chinhu chese chekutsvagisa chine mashiripiti uye chiri nyore kunzwisisa se "two-dimensional crystal" graphene.Basa iri muna 2004 rinogona kupihwa muna 2010, izvo zvisingawanzo munhoroondo yeNobel Prize mumakore achangopfuura.
Graphene imhando yezvinhu inoumbwa nechikamu chimwe chete chekabhoni maatomu akanyatsorongeka kuita maviri-dimensional huchi hwemakona ane hexagonal lattice.Kufanana nedhaimondi, graphite, fullerene, carbon nanotubes uye amorphous carbon, chinhu (chinhu chiri nyore) chinoumbwa nekabhoni zvinhu.Sezvinoratidzwa mumufananidzo uri pasi apa, fullerenes uye carbon nanotubes inogona kuonekwa seinopetwa neimwe nzira kubva pane imwe girafu yegraphene, iyo yakasungirirwa nezvikamu zvakawanda zvegraphene.Tsvagiridzo yedzidziso pamusoro pekushandiswa kwegraphene kutsanangura zvimiro zveakasiyana kabhoni akareruka zvinhu (graphite, kabhoni nanotubes uye graphene) yakagara kweanoda kusvika 60 makore, asi zvinotendwa kuti zvinhu zviviri-maviri zvakadaro zvakaoma kugarika zviripo chete. inongobatanidzwa kune matatu-dimensional substrate pamusoro kana mukati mezvinhu zvakaita segraphite.Yakanga isiri kusvika 2004 apo Andre Geim nemudzidzi wake Konstantin Novoselov vakabvisa imwe girafu kubva kugraphite kuburikidza nekuyedza kuti tsvakiridzo yegraphene yakawana budiriro nyowani.
Ose ari maviri fullerene (kuruboshwe) uye kabhoni nanotube (pakati) anogona kutorwa seari kupetwa nechikamu chimwe chegraphene neimwe nzira, ukuwo graphite (kurudyi) yakaturikidzana nezvikamu zvakawanda zvegraphene kuburikidza nekubatanidza kwe van der Waals force.
Mazuva ano, graphene inogona kuwanikwa nenzira dzakawanda, uye nzira dzakasiyana dzine zvadzo zvakanakira nekuipira.Geim naNovoselov vakawana graphene nenzira iri nyore.Vachishandisa tepi inoonekera inowanikwa muzvitoro zvikuru, vakakurura graphene, pepa regraphite rine chete layer yekabhoni maatomu akakora, kubva pachidimbu chepamusoro-order pyrolytic graphite.Izvi zviri nyore, asi iyo controllability haina kunaka, uye graphene ine saizi isingasviki 100 microns (chegumi chemillimeter) inogona kuwanikwa chete, inogona kushandiswa pakuedza, asi yakaoma kushandiswa kuita. applications.Kemikari vapor deposition inogona kukura graphene samples nehukuru hwemakumi emasentimita panzvimbo yesimbi.Kunyange zvazvo nzvimbo yacho ine hutsika hwakafanana inongova 100 microns [3,4], yakave yakakodzera kune zvinodiwa zvekugadzira zvezvimwe zvikumbiro.Imwe nzira yakajairika ndeyekupisa iyo silicon carbide (SIC) crystal kune inodarika 1100 ℃ muvacuum, kuitira kuti maatomu esilicon ari pedyo nepamusoro anyunguduke, uye maatomu ekabhoni asara anorongedzerwa, ayo anogona zvakare kuwana ma graphene samples ane zvinhu zvakanaka.
Graphene chinhu chitsva chine hunhu hwakasiyana: hunhu hwayo hwemagetsi hwakanakisa semhangura, uye kupisa kwayo kuri nani kupfuura chero chinhu chinozivikanwa.Zviri pachena.Chikamu chidiki chete (2.3%) chechiedza chinooneka chinobatika chinotorwa negraphene, uye mwenje wakawanda uchapfuura.Yakakora zvekuti nyangwe maatomu ehelium (mamorekuru egasi madiki) haakwanise kupfuura.Izvi zvemashiripiti zvivakwa hazvina kugarwa zvakananga kubva kugraphite, asi kubva kuquantum mechanics.Iyo yakasarudzika yemagetsi uye yemaziso zvimiro zvinotarisa kuti ine yakafara tarisiro yekushandisa.
Kunyangwe graphene yakangoonekwa kweasingasviki makore gumi, yakaratidza akawanda ehunyanzvi maapplication, ayo ari mashoma mundima yefizikisi nesainzi yezvinhu.Zvinotora anopfuura makore gumi kana makumi emakore kuti zvinhu zvakajairika zvifambe kubva murabhoritari kuenda kuhupenyu chaihwo.Chii chinoshandiswa negraphene?Ngatitarisei mienzaniso miviri.
Soft transparent electrode
Mumidziyo yakawanda yemagetsi, transparent conductive materials inoda kushandiswa semagetsi.Mawachi emagetsi, macalculator, terevhizheni, liquid crystal displays, touch screens, solar panels nezvimwe zvakawanda zvishandiso hazvigone kusiya kuvepo kwemagetsi akajeka.Iyo yechinyakare inoonekera electrode inoshandisa indium tin oxide (ITO).Nekuda kwemutengo wakakwira uye kushomeka kwekupihwa kwe indium, zvinhu zvacho hazvina brittle uye kushaikwa kwekuchinja, uye electrode inoda kuiswa mukati mepakati pevacuum, uye mutengo wakanyanya kukwirira.Kwenguva yakareba, masayendisiti ave achiedza kutsvaga chinotsiva.Pamusoro pezvinodiwa zvekubuda pachena, conductivity yakanaka uye kugadzirira nyore, kana kuchinjika kwezvinhu pachazvo kwakanaka, kuchave kwakakodzera kugadzira "electronic paper" kana zvimwe zvigadziriso zvinopetwa.Naizvozvo, kuchinjika zvakare chinhu chakakosha zvikuru.Graphene chinhu chakadaro, chakanyatsokodzera maelectrodes akajeka.
Vatsvagiri veSamsung neChengjunguan University kuSouth Korea vakawana graphene ine diagonal kureba kwemainji makumi matatu nemakemikari vapor deposition ndokuiendesa kune 188 micron gobvu polyethylene terephthalate (PET) firimu kuti ibudise graphene based touch screen [4].Sezvinoratidzwa mumufananidzo uri pazasi, iyo graphene inokura pafoiri yemhangura inotanga kusungirirwa ne thermal stripping tepi (blue transparent part), ipapo foil yemhangura inonyungudutswa nemakemikari nzira, uye pakupedzisira graphene inotamiswa kune PET firimu nekupisa. .
New photoelectric induction equipment
Graphene ine yakasarudzika yekuona zvinhu.Kunyangwe paine layer imwe chete yemaatomu, inokwanisa kutora 2.3% yechiedza chakaburitswa murenji yese kubva pachiedza chinooneka kuenda ku infrared.Iyi nhamba haina chekuita nemamwe ma parameter e graphene uye inotarirwa ne quantum electrodynamics [6].Chiedza chakanyura chichatungamira kuchizvarwa chevatakuri (maerekitironi nemakomba).Chizvarwa uye kutakura kwevatakuri mugraphene zvakasiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune zvechinyakare semiconductors.Izvi zvinoita kuti graphene inyatsokodzera kune Ultrafast photoelectric induction michina.Inofungidzirwa kuti yakadaro photoelectric induction michina inogona kushanda pamwero we500ghz.Kana ikashandiswa pakufambiswa kwechiratidzo, inogona kutumira 500 bhiriyoni zero kana iwo pasekondi, uye kupedzisa kutapurirana kwezviri mukati meBlu ray discs maviri musekondi imwe.
Nyanzvi dzinobva kuIBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center muUnited States dzakashandisa graphene kugadzira mafotoelectric induction zvishandiso zvinogona kushanda pa10GHz frequency [8].Chekutanga, magraphene flakes akagadzirwa pasilicon substrate yakavharwa ne300 nm gobvu silica ne "tepi kubvarura nzira", uye ipapo palladium goridhe kana titanium goridhe maelectrodes ane interval ye1 micron uye hupamhi hwe250 nm akagadzirwa pairi.Nenzira iyi, graphene yakavakirwa photoelectric induction mudziyo inowanikwa.
Schematic diagiramu yegraphene photoelectric induction equipment uye scanning electron microscope (SEM) mapikicha emasampuli chaiwo.Mutsara mutsvuku mumufananidzo unoenderana ne5 microns, uye chinhambwe pakati pemitsara yesimbi iine micron imwe.
Kuburikidza nemiedzo, vaongorori vakawana kuti iyi simbi graphene simbi chimiro photoelectric induction mudziyo unogona kusvika pakushanda frequency ye16ghz zvakanyanya, uye inogona kushanda nekumhanya kwakanyanya muwavelength renji kubva pa300 nm (padhuze neultraviolet) kusvika ku6 microns (infrared), ukuwo. iyo yechinyakare photoelectric induction chubhu haigone kupindura kune infrared mwenje ine kureba wavelength.Iyo yekushanda frequency yegraphene photoelectric induction michina ichine nzvimbo huru yekuvandudza.Kuita kwayo kwepamusoro kunoita kuti ive neyakasiyana-siyana yetariro yekushandisa, kusanganisira kutaurirana, kure kure uye kutarisa kwezvakatipoteredza.
Sechinhu chitsva chine zvimiro zvakasarudzika, tsvakiridzo yekushandiswa kwegraphene iri kubuda imwe mushure meimwe.Zvakaoma kuti tivaverenge pano.Mune ramangwana, panogona kunge paine machubhu emumunda akagadzirwa negraphene, mamolecular switch akagadzirwa negraphene uye mamorekuru madetector akagadzirwa negraphene muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva… Graphene inobuda zvishoma nezvishoma murabhoritari inopenya muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva.
Tinogona kutarisira kuti nhamba huru yezvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvinoshandisa graphene zvichaonekwa munguva pfupi iri kutevera.Funga nezvekunakidza kwazvingave kana masmartphone edu nemanetbook edu akapetwa, akasungirirwa panzeve dzedu, akaiswa muhomwe dzedu, kana kumonera maoko edu kana asiri kushandiswa!
Nguva yekutumira: Kurume-09-2022